International Journal of Education Research
International Journal of Education Research for Higher Learning is a biannual refereed journal published by the Research, Publication, and Innovation Center (RPIC) of the University of the Immaculate Conception, which tackles significant issues in the disciplines of humanities and languages, natural and health sciences, mathematics and physical sciences, engineering and information technology, education and social sciences, and business. This periodical is committed in giving the faculty members the apt avenue to fully develop their intellectual traits through the publication of their research outputs and other scholarly endeavors. The reports published in this journal go through a meticulous double-blind refereeing process to assure the academic quality. The editors, research committee members, and the reviewers are renowned critics and scholars in various fields covered in the journal.
A MULTIPLE-CASE Exploration of Financial Resilience among Davao HEI Teachers in Pursuing Graduate STUDIES
This qualitative study used a multiple-case design to explore the lived experiences of Davao Higher Education Institution (HEI) teachers in the Philippines who demonstrated financial resilience while pursuing graduate studies. The research examined how these educators managed financial challenges and sustained academic progress. Three purposefully selected cases were featured: a single mother who completed her Ph.D. through family and institutional support, a teacher who sustained doctoral studies through side hustles, and a master’s student continuing education with minimal financial assistance. Data were gathered via in-depth interviews and analyzed thematically. Emerging themes included income insufficiency, persistent debt, emotional stress, and adaptive coping strategies such as budgeting, secondary income sources, and reliance on both social and institutional support systems. The findings emphasize the necessity of systemic interventions, including financial literacy programs, salary restructuring, and expanded institutional assistance. These insights are relevant for education policymakers, school administrators, and future researchers aiming to enhance teacher welfare and promote equitable access to advanced education.
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THE Financial and the Work Stress as Predictors to Work Performance among Public Elementary School Teachers in Region XI: An Explanatory Sequential DESIGN
This explanatory sequential mixed method study aimed to determine the significance of the influence of financial stress and work stress on the work performance of teachers. The participants were the teachers from the public elementary schools in Region XI, Philippines. The researcher made use of validated and adapted survey questionnaires and an interview guide to collect relevant data. Mean, Standard Deviation, Multiple Regression and Thematic Analysis were used to analyze the corresponding data gathered. In the quantitative phase, the findings revealed that the status of financial stress was rated low. The status of work stress and work performance both recorded a moderate rating. It revealed further that both financial stress and work stress did not possess a significant influence on teachers’ work performance. On the standpoints of the participants on the salient points in the quantitative results, it was revealed that the financial stress was confirmed low and a moderate level for work stress and work performance. Moreover, the participants also confirmed a moderate influence of work stress on work performance. Additionally, the participants disconfirmed the low influence of financial stress on work performance. They also disconfirmed that there is no significant effect of financial stress and work stress to work performance. Finally, the nature integration revealed a connecting- expansion and connecting-confirmation. With the status of work performance, it is crucial to know the key elements that influence the performance of teachers in order to address the issue and help increase the teachers’ performance at work to help them utilize their full potential in teaching.
FINANCIAL Behavior, Financial Well-Being, And Job Satisfaction Among Public Senior High School TEACHERS
Job dissatisfaction often arises from inadequate pay and limited access to necessary resources; thus, this study determined the significance of the influence of financial behavior and financial well-being on the job satisfaction of public senior high school teachers utilizing a quantitative research approach, specifically a descriptive correlational research design. The respondents of the study were selected using stratified sampling and simple random sampling to ensure proportional representation across different groups within the population. To analyze the data, several statistical tools were employed, including the mean, standard deviation, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that the level of financial behavior was very high, financial well-being was high, and job satisfaction was also high. Further, there was a moderate positive relationship between financial behavior and financial well-being, and a low positive relationship between financial well-being and job satisfaction. Furthermore, the combined influence of financial behavior and financial well-being on job satisfaction was significant; each variable individually also showed a significant influence on the job satisfaction of public senior high school teachers.
FAMILY Social Capital as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Financial Coping Behavior, and Subjective Well-Being of Professional Working PARENTS
Professional working parents face challenges in balancing financial stability, family relationships, and well-being. This study looked at how family social capital mediated the relationship between professional working parents' subjective well-being and their financial coping strategies in Talomo, Davao City. A quantitative method utilizing a descriptive-correlational design and mediation analysis was employed, with data collected from 250 purposively selected participants using validated survey tools. The instruments measured subjective well-being (marital satisfaction, parenthood satisfaction, global life satisfaction), financial coping behavior (preventive and proactive strategies), and family social capital (family conflict and cohesion). Data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, mediation analysis, and path plot. Results indicated high levels of subjective well-being, with parenthood satisfaction scoring highest. Financial coping behavior was also rated highly, particularly in budgeting and saving for emergencies. Family social capital demonstrated strong cohesion, though maintaining household routines was challenging. Correlational analysis confirmed significant relationships among all variables, with family social capital demonstrating the strongest association with well-being. Mediation analysis revealed that family social capital significantly mediated the link between financial coping behavior and well-being, accounting for 50.1% of the variance. The findings emphasize the critical role of family support networks in enhancing the well-being of working parents, aligning with theoretical frameworks such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and the PERMA Model. This study contributes to understanding the interplay between financial management, family dynamics, and subjective well-being, offering practical insights for institutions, employers, and families.
THE Status of Financial Well-Being of Farmers: Basis for INTERVENTION
Despite farmers' contributions to the country’s economic growth, their financial well-being is vulnerable to instability, limited access to credit, and rising production costs. The main objective of this study was to ascertain the financial well-being of farmers in Bansalan, Davao del Sur, and to determine differences based on their profiles. The targeted respondents, selected through disproportionate sampling, comprised 300 farmers: 216 planters of traditional crops and 84 producers of high-value crops. This study employed a descriptive-comparative design. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, mean scores, standard deviations, T-Tests, and ANOVA. The results revealed that farmers' financial well-being was generally moderate. Findings further indicated that there were no significant differences in financial well-being across demographic factors. Moreover, the results suggest an intervention plan to help agricultural stakeholders and local administrators intensify efforts to improve their quality of life by enhancing access to support services, facilities, and livelihood opportunities.
EMOTIONAL Intelligence and Job Satisfaction as Determinants of Employee PERFORMANCE
In the fast-paced, high-pressure hospitality industry, employees are often expected to multitask and consistently deliver high service standards. These demands can lead to burnout and low job satisfaction, which negatively affect employee performance and overall service quality. This study investigated the extent to which emotional intelligence and job satisfaction determine employee performance in the hospitality sector. Utilizing purposive quota sampling, data were collected from 260 employees across various hospitality establishments. The study revealed that respondents generally exhibited high levels of emotional intelligence and reported very high levels of job satisfaction and employee performance. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and employee performance, with both emotional intelligence and job satisfaction serving as strong predictors (P < .05). These findings underscore the critical role of emotional intelligence and job satisfaction in enhancing workforce effectiveness and sustaining high performance in hospitality settings. Furthermore, the study identified concerns regarding working hours and scheduling, suggesting that management review current work structures. Recommendations include implementing flexible shift systems, ensuring fair workload distribution, and offering time management support to improve work-life balance. Overall, the research highlights the strategic value of developing emotional intelligence and promoting job satisfaction to boost employee performance and foster a resilient, productive hospitality workforce.
THE Influence Of Organizational Commitment Among Microfinance Institutions EMPLOYEES
This descriptive-correlational study examined how emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) influence organizational commitment among employees of microfinance institutions in Davao de Oro, Philippines. Grounded in Social Exchange Theory, the study assessed the levels of emotional intelligence, OCB, and organizational commitment, and explored their interrelationships. A sample of 300 non-managerial employees was randomly selected, with data gathered through validated Likert-scale questionnaires measuring six components of emotional intelligence, four dimensions of OCB, and three types of organizational commitment. Results showed that employees exhibited very high emotional intelligence and OCB, as well as high organizational commitment. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations among the variables, while regression analysis confirmed that both emotional intelligence and OCB are significant predictors of organizational commitment. These findings underscore the role of emotional and interpersonal competencies in strengthening employees’ attachment, loyalty, and responsibility to their organizations. By contextualizing these dynamics within the microfinance sector, the study offers practical insights for enhancing employee engagement, organizational development, and retention through emotionally intelligent, citizenship-oriented workplace cultures.
THE Relationship Between Organizational Justice, Organizational Commitment And Innovative Work Behavior Of Civil Servants In Davao De ORO
The lack of thorough research into how government workers in Davao de Oro align their jobs and whether they receive proper incentives, perks, and mental health care has left gaps in our understanding of their efficacy. This research sought to address these gaps by providing civil servants with an opportunity to share their experiences and viewpoints. A quantitative method contextualized the linkages between innovative work behavior, organizational commitment, and organizational justice. Additionally, these phenomena were thoroughly evaluated using a descriptive-correlational study approach. The respondents were 150 employees from specific Davao de Oro Local Government Units (LGUs), with a focus on those with relevant work experience, especially those in supervisory positions. Findings revealed that innovative work behavior among civil servants in Davao de Oro was evident, as employees demonstrated adaptability, strategic thinking, and dedication to organizational development. The status of organizational justice was highly demonstrated, indicating that civil servants perceived their work environment as fair and just, fostering trust, morale, and commitment. Furthermore, organizational commitment was often evident, suggesting that civil servants exhibited a positive emotional attachment, identification, and loyalty toward their organization, aligning with its goals and values. Crucially, correlation analysis revealed a significant, moderate positive relationship between organizational justice and innovative work behavior (r = .449, p < .05), as well as a significant, moderate positive relationship between organizational commitment and innovative work behavior (r = .442, p < .05). These results indicate that higher perceptions of workplace fairness and stronger institutional loyalty directly correspond to increased creative and problem-solving actions among personnel. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the factors that influence civil servants' effectiveness, guiding future improvements in public-sector management and policymaking.
THE Influence of Dynamic Capabilities and Total Quality Management Practices on Competitive Advantage among Insurance COMPANIES
In today’s competitive insurance landscape, achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage is vital for organizational survival and long-term success, yet it remains a major challenge amid rapid industry changes and heightened market pressures. This study explored the extent to which dynamic capabilities and Total Quality Management (TQM) practices influence the competitive advantage of insurance companies operating in Davao City, Philippines. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, involving 200 purposively selected employees from leading life insurance companies in Davao City. Adapted survey questionnaires served as the primary data collection instrument. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Pearson’s r and regression analysis. The findings revealed that both dynamic capabilities and TQM practices were strongly demonstrated across the surveyed companies. Moreover, the level of competitive advantage was found to be very high, indicating that it is very evident within the industry. Statistical analysis confirmed that both dynamic capabilities and TQM practices significantly influence competitive advantage. Notably, seventy-five percent of the variance in competitive advantage can be attributed to the combined influence of these two factors.
EXAMINING Employee Commitment in the Bottling Manufacturing Industry as Influenced by Employee Well-being, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Resilience at WORK
Employee commitment in bottling manufacturing presents a multitude of factors. This study aimed to examine how employee well-being, organizational citizenship behavior, and resilience at work predict employee commitment in the bottling manufacturing industry in Davao City. A quantitative method and a descriptive-correlational design were used in the study, with 300 randomly selected regular employees of bottling manufacturing companies in Davao City as respondents. Results showed that employee well-being status is often evident, organizational citizenship behavior is often manifested, resilience at work is often demonstrated, and employee commitment is often manifested. The findings revealed significant, positive relationships among employee well-being, organizational citizenship behavior, resilience at work, and employee commitment, with resilience at work exhibiting the strongest correlation. In addition, employee well-being and resilience at work significantly influenced employee commitment. at the same time, organizational citizenship behavior did not exhibit a significant predictive influence compared to the other variables. Lastly, 54.3 percent of the variance in employee commitment can be explained by the combined predictors.
SALARIES and Work Flexibility as Predictors of the Individual Work Performance of the Business Process Outsourcing EMPLOYEES
This study examined whether salaries and work flexibility predict the individual work performance of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) employees in Davao City. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 300 respondents across selected BPO companies using stratified systematic random sampling. Statistical tools, including the mean, standard deviation, Pearson's r, and regression analysis, were used to interpret the data. Results showed that the level of salaries, work flexibility, and individual work performance were all rated very high. All indicators of individual work performance—task, contextual, and productive behavior—reflected strong positive ratings. Both salaries and work flexibility were significantly related to individual work performance, with work flexibility emerging as the stronger predictor. Combined, these two variables explained 21.2% of the variation in performance. The findings affirm that fair compensation and flexible work arrangements enhance individual work performance. These support the principles of Self-Determination Theory and Campbell’s Theory of Performance, highlighting the importance of autonomy, motivation, and supportive work environments in boosting productivity.
PREDICTORS of Employee Retention of a Retail Sector in Monkayo, Davao de Oro, PHILIPPINES
Retaining employees in the retail sector is a critical issue and a primary concern for human resources. This study intended to determine how organizational culture, work environment, compensation, and benefits predict employee retention in the retail sector. A quantitative descriptive-correlation design was used, and 200 retail employees in Monkayo, Davao de Oro, Philippines, were surveyed. The results revealed a high level of employee retention. The status of organizational culture is very favorable. Moreover, the work environment is conducive. Further, the level of compensation and benefits is high, suggesting that retail employees are satisfied with their compensation and benefits. Furthermore, the statistical data show that all three organizational cultures, work environment, compensation, and benefits, could significantly predict employee retention. Notably, the organizational culture could better influence employee retention. Furthermore, 58.4 percent of the variation in employee retention could be attributed to the combined influence of the variables being investigated.
THE Predictors of Employee Commitment Among Food Service Industry Workers in Monkayo, Davao de ORO
This study investigates the influence of employee empowerment and work orientation on employee commitment among food service workers in Monkayo, Davao de Oro. Utilizing a descriptive correlational research design, the study surveyed 185 employees from selected restaurants using adapted standardized questionnaires. Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson product-moment correlation, and Multiple Regression Analysis were the statistical tools utilized to analyze the study results. Findings revealed that both employee empowerment, measured through indicators such as knowledge and skills, trust, job satisfaction, communication, incentives, and role clarity, and work orientation, comprising job, career, calling, social embeddedness, and busyness, significantly influence affective, continuance, and normative commitment. The results underscore the importance of fostering a supportive and empowering work environment to strengthen employee loyalty and performance. This study offers valuable insights for food industry managers seeking to improve workforce retention and engagement through strategic organizational practices. Furthermore, the regression model indicates that the combined effect of employee empowerment and work orientation explains 47% of the variation in employee commitment.
KEEPING the Menu Together: How Trust Drives Productivity Through Retention in HomegrownRestaurants in Region XII
This study determined the mediating effect of employee retention (ER) on the relationship between organizational trust (OT) and organizational productivity (OP) of restaurants in Region XII. This study employed a descriptive correlational research design with mediation analysis. Stratified random sampling was used to select the respondents. Adapted survey questionnaires, which had been pilot-tested and content-validated, were used to collect data from 204 respondents. The data were analyzed using the Mean, Pearson's r, Multiple Regression Analysis, and MedGraph, with the Sobel z-test. The results uncovered that ER, OT, and OP were evident most of the time. Furthermore, the study found a significant relationship between the variables and substantial partial mediation of ER in the OT-OP relationship. The partial mediation model indicates that ER is one of the reasons OT affects the OP of restaurant employees in Region XII. The partial mediation effect indicates that while trust directly influences productivity, its impact is significantly amplified when employees are retained within the organization.
A Correlational Study of Human Resource Management Practices, Organizational Culture, and Sustainability Practices of Restaurants in SOCCSKSARGEN
This study explores the relationships among human resource management (HRM) practices, organizational culture, and sustainable practices in homegrown restaurants in the SOCCSKSARGEN region, Philippines. Using a correlational research design, the study surveyed 200 regular restaurant employees across the four key cities in the region, using a stratified random sampling method. A modified questionnaire measured HRM practices, organizational culture, and sustainability across economic, social, and environmental dimensions, with high reliability confirmed through Cronbach’s. Results revealed that sustainable practices are frequently implemented, with high ratings in all domains. Both HRM practices and organizational culture were also rated high, indicating consistent training, fair compensation, clear performance appraisals, and a teamwork-driven, goal-oriented environment. Statistical analysis showed a significant positive correlation between HRM practices and organizational culture with sustainable practices, and a combined influence explaining 76.2% of the variance in sustainability outcomes. The findings underscore the critical role of HRM and culture in driving sustainability, aligning with global research that emphasizes integrating sustainability into business strategies. This study offers practical insights for local businesses and policymakers, highlighting the importance of aligning people management and culture to achieve long-term sustainability and competitiveness.
ORGANIZATIONAL Resilience, Management Practices, and Organizational Performance of Multi-Purpose Cooperatives in SOCCSKSARGEN Region: An Explanatory Sequential APPROACH
Multi-purpose cooperatives in the Philippines experience slow development and frequent failure despite their recognized socio-economic importance. This study examines how organizational resilience and management practices shape the performance of multi-purpose cooperatives in the SOCCSKSARGEN Region. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was employed in this study. A survey of 307 cooperative leaders measured four domains of performance (sound business practices; member participation; apex support; economic environment), two dimensions of resilience (planned; adaptive), and four functions of management (planning; organizing; leading; controlling). Furthermore, in-depth interviews and a focus group were conducted to explore cooperative leaders' experiences regarding how organizational resilience and management practices influenced their cooperatives’ performance. Overall, the findings highlight that both organizational resilience and robust management practices are critical for cooperative excellence. It was recommended that cooperatives conduct benchmarking and capacity-building targeted at resilience planning, governance, and technology adoption, especially for small and micro-cooperatives, in partnership with the Cooperative Development Authority and relevant training institutions.
THE Response Letters of Concerned Students to their Notice to Explain: A Discourse ANALYSIS
This study identified specific pragmatic and rhetorical strategies used by the concerned students in their response letters to the Notice to Explain (NTE). The study sought to reveal student perspectives, concerns, and motivations, explored the reasons behind their language choices, and discern institutional values within the discourse of student conduct. The pragmatic strategies used by the concerned students were mostly Informing, Reporting, and Asserting under the representative speech acts theory of Searle. The rhetorical strategy commonly used was Demonstrating Ethical Commitment under Ethos of the rhetorical appeals by Aristotle. The students used a combination of pragmatic and rhetorical strategies in their response letters to the NTEs to be understood and considered by the letter’s recipients. These strategies helped the students justify their behavior, manifest remorse, and appeal for consideration while indicating their commitment to ethical conduct. It was found that students who promised better conduct and appealed to empathy and forgiveness received lighter disciplinary measures. It is recommended that students enhance their ability to present facts to strengthen credibility, critical thinking, and persuasive communication. The student conduct committee should also conduct thorough investigations rather than relying solely on NTEs to ensure fairness and accuracy. Guidelines for writing effective response letters should be developed to better analyze a larger sample size for more reliable findings.
A CORPUS-BASED Discourse Analysis on the Use of Non-Sexist Language in Philippine News Articles during the Marcos ADMINISTRATION
This corpus-based discourse study aimed to identify dominant non-sexist language, analyze strategies used by journalists to neutralize gendered language, and explore language ideologies shaping media narratives and social change. Data was gathered from a digital corpus of news articles from three major Philippine news outlets and analyzed using UNESCWA's gender-sensitive guidelines to assess adherence to international standards of inclusive communication. Findings revealed the dominant non-sexist language used in news articles, along with two primary strategies: replacing gender-specific pronouns with neutral alternatives and eliminating exclusionary occupational terms to foster inclusivity. Journalists refined their language to align with gender-neutral reporting standards, ensuring unbiased media narratives. The study identified four key language ideologies: linguistic inclusivity, equitable professional representation, neutral legal representation, and inclusive emergency representation. These ideologies expanded gender representation, promoted inclusive policing reforms, reduced bias in law enforcement, and encouraged equal access to civic and crisis-related roles. Ultimately, this research highlights language as a powerful tool for shaping representation, influencing identity, and advancing gender equality in media, reinforcing the importance of linguistic inclusivity in ethical journalism.
COLLABORATIVE Engagement of Public-School Teachers on Facebook: A Critical Discourse ANALYSIS
This study aimed at analyzing collaborative engagements between teacher to teacher and teacher to learner on Facebook, focusing on discursive types, language features, and the power of language in shaping the understanding of academic challenges. Purposively chosen 50 teacher-to-teacher and 50 teacher-to-learner collaborative engagements on Facebook served as the corpora and were analyzed employing critical discourse analysis. To ensure the validity and reliability of the analysis, 34 participants, composed of 10 public-school teachers and 10 senior high students for in-depth interviews, and seven public-school teachers and seven senior high students for focus group discussions, served as participants in this research. Findings reveal pragmatism as the frequently used discursive type in the interactions. As for language features, classification schemes are predominant. The power of language manifests in that language exposes institutional and legal control over individuals. Moreover, the IDI and FGD generated essential themes such as fostering empathy and resilience and communicating best practices and strategies. This study reveals how Facebook is a platform for teachers to exchange experiences, propose reforms, and advocate for systemic change. The findings of this research provide valuable insights into how collaborative engagements among public-school teachers on Facebook illuminate systemic challenges in the academe while offering routes for improvement. These findings emphasize the importance of promoting teacher collaboration to improve educational practices and policies.
APPLICATION of Gricean Maxims of ConversationInvolving Tourism Professionals Southern Mindanao: A Multi-Modal Qualitative ANALYSIS
This study was motivated by persistent communication challenges in the tourism sector, particularly those arising from language barriers. This study analyzed how tourism professionals in Southern Mindanao adhered to or violated Grice’s maxims-quantity, quality, relation, and manner-during interactions with tourists by utilizing a multimodal qualitative approach and interviews with licensed tourism professionals across key tourist sites in Southern Mindanao. Data collection captured verbal and nonverbal communication, allowing for a comprehensive analysis through the lens of Gricean Maxims. Thematic analysis was employed to identify patterns of maxim adherence and violation. Results revealed that tourism professionals in Southern Mindanao actively apply the Gricean Maxims of Conversation when engaging with foreign and local tourists. They also exhibited several breaches of the Gricean Maxims, which affected their communication's clarity, trustworthiness, relevance, and effectiveness. The study concludes that targeted training in pragmatic communication and language skills is essential for tourism professionals to enhance service quality. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and industry stakeholders aiming to strengthen communication competencies in the tourism sector.
A DISCOURSE Analysis of Davao City Ordinances: Language Ambiguity in FOCUS
This study focused on the language ambiguities of Davao City ordinances. The forms of language ambiguity, the specific constructs explicating these ambiguities, the problems that may arise from these ambiguities, and the disambiguation techniques were specifically described in this study. The research materials were the 30 Davao City ordinances. Results revealed that the Davao City ordinances contain lexical and syntactic ambiguities. The specific constructs that explicate these ambiguities include hierarchical lexical relations, sense extension, semantic network theory, phraseologism, pro-drop parameter, null T-head in tense phrase, infinitival T-to-C raising, complementizer deletion, non-finite CP deletion, reduced clause analysis, null determiner phrase (Null DP), number misalignment, pronoun-antecedent relationships, implicit morphemes, and orthographic structure. Further, the essential themes on the problems that may arise from these ambiguities include communication breakdown, inconsistency of enforcement, legal confusion, daily life disruption, and inequitable enforcement. Lastly, the methods of disambiguation include definition clarification, word sense disambiguation, literal reformulation, explicit markings, complementizer restoration, correct case selection, structural modification, and orthographic and punctuation correction.
POLITENESS Strategies and Perlocutionary Acts in the Media Interviews of President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr.: A Socio-Pragmatic ANALYSIS
This socio-pragmatic qualitative analysis aimed to unveil the politeness strategies and variations, perlocutionary acts, and power dynamics in the 51 media interviews of President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. The findings revealed the themes of the politeness strategies: bald-on record, don’t do Face-Threatening Acts (FTAs), negative, off-record, and positive. For perlocutionary acts, the following themes derived from individual in-depth interview responses from 10 participants selected through purposive sampling technique with the utilization of the expert-validated researcher-made interview guide questions: uncertainty and confusion, disappointment and skepticism, diminished public trust, mild persuasion, informing (limited effect), mockery/ridicule, creating awareness, setting the national agenda, and reassurance (limited effect). Finally, on the insights drawn from the power dynamics, the following themes have emerged: directness, indirectness, rhetorics, power through alliance building, and power through avoidance.
SYMBOLS of Integrity: A Semiotic Study of ‘Transparency, Accountability, Justice, and Fairness’ In Government WORKS
This qualitative study aimed to conduct a semiotic analysis of the symbols used to represent transparency, accountability, justice, and fairness in government works of Davao de Oro. The corpora were sourced out from the online portal of Davao de Oro where pertinent programs were posted for public awareness. The findings revealed that as to transparency, the following program areas were Business and investment climate, Trade and commerce, Public participation and transparency, ICT (Information and Communication Technology), Climate change adaptation and mitigation, Budget transparency under Fiscal management, Policy and regulatory framework, Disaster risk communication tools. As to Accountability, the following were the program areas: Education and skills development, Fiscal management and revenue generation, Audit and infra reporting mechanisms, Watershed and forest management, Solid waste and pollution control, Inter- agency and multi-sectoral collaboration. As to justice, the following are the program areas: Peace and order, public safety, Electrification (especially rural areas), Employment and livelihood generation, Skills training and certification programs, Land use and zoning legal compliance, Infrastructure in remote areas. And as to fairness, the following were the program areas: Social welfare services, Disaster risk reduction and management, Agriculture, fisheries, and agribusiness, Health services and facilities, Housing and human settlements, and Water supply and sanitation. In terms of the broader implications of symbolic integrity for enhancing government legitimacy in Davao de Oro, two dimensions were evident, Structural Integrity (Language and Representation) and Performative Legitimacy (Action and Symbol in Practice).
SUCCESS Stories of English Teachers Teaching Reading to Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Learners Through an Interpretative Phenomenological ANALYSIS
This qualitative research provided a thorough understanding of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing education by revealing the lived experiences of English teachers instructing DHH learners across various learning environments. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the study selected eight public school English teachers as informants from within the Surigao del Sur Division during the school year 2024–2025, of which the primary data source consisted of in-depth interviews. The study illuminated how teachers adapted, scaffolded, and innovated their practices to support DHH learners' reading development. Further, six superordinate themes emerged: the emphasis on multimodal and multisensory instruction; the prioritization of visual scaffolding as foundational; the adaptation and simplification of content to meet learners’ developmental levels; the creation of inclusive and supportive learning environments; the adoption of flexible and nonverbal assessment methods; and the cultivation of resourcefulness amidst instructional limitations. The findings underscored the significance of using multimodal strategies, visual scaffolding, differentiated content, inclusive environments, flexible assessments, and adaptability in teaching DHH learners. By amplifying the voices of experienced teachers, the study offered critical insights for educators, administrators, and policymakers aiming to build a more inclusive, responsive educational system that fosters the growth and literacy development of DHH learners.
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)
CURRICULUM Viability and Professional Development as Predictors of Self-Efficacy among Junior High School TEACHERS
This study determined the significance of curriculum viability and professional development on self-efficacy among private junior high school teachers in the City of Koronadal, Province of South Cotabato. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive correlational design was utilized. Adapted and validated survey questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. The data were analyzed using Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson's product-moment correlation, and multiple linear regression. The findings revealed that the levels of curriculum viability, professional development, and self-efficacy among private junior high school teachers were very high, with a strong, significant positive correlation among the three. Further, the regression model indicates that both curriculum viability and professional development significantly predicted teacher self-efficacy.
A TEACHER-STUDENT Dynamics in Classroom in the Conventional Milieu: A Relational Dialectical STUDY
Teacher and student interactions shape behavior and reflect internal and external school related tensions. Thus, this qualitative study used a relational dialectical design to explore the internal and external dialectics of teachers and students in classroom dynamics. Using purposive sampling, teachers and students underwent in-depth interviews separately. Using a priori themes based on the relational dialectic’s theory the following emerged: expression-non-expression, openness-closedness, independence-interdependence, intimacy-isolation, inclusion-exclusions, freedom-constraints, and stability-change. The participants show toughness in managing the realities of interculturally related dialects amid the conventional milieu such as adapting to the communication style to fit the cultural context, engaging in intercultural education, and fostering open dialogue. Ultimately, making sense of the dynamics in the context of the cultural backgrounds. Viewing oneself as learners and adjusting to cultural norms are the insights shared to society.
VAN Hiele Model And Student Achievement In Mathematics: QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
This quantitative research, specifically a quasi-experimental study utilizing a pre-test-post-test design, aimed to determine the mathematics achievement of Grade 7 junior high school students in Makilala, North Cotabato, using a Van Hiele model to solve geometry problems, specifically polygons. This study used a validated 30-item test questionnaire to determine the level of mathematics achievement in geometry among Grade 7 junior high school students. The study had a total of 74 respondents, with 37 students in the experimental group and 37 in the control group. Mean, standard deviation, t-tests, and Cohen’s d were used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of students in both groups—control (conventional) and experimental (Van Hiele) groups. Further, the mean gain score of the experimental group (Van Hiele) is higher than the control group (conventional). Lastly, the results indicated that the Van Hiele model method of teaching, utilizing the five phases of teaching, has a positive impact, leading to a large effect on the students' achievement in mathematics, specifically in terms of learning polygons (Cohen’s d = 2.94).
CONSTRUCTIVISM Approach in Teaching Linear Equation among Junior High School STUDENTS
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the constructivist approach in teaching linear equations to junior high school students on selected topics in the system of linear equations. Employing a quasi-experimental design, the researcher administered the pre-test and post-test to purposively selected Grade 8 students at one of the private schools in Cabantian, Davao City, using a validated questionnaire. The control groups were taught using a traditional approach, while the experimental group was taught using a constructivist approach. The mean, standard deviation, paired t-test, and effect size were used to analyze and interpret the data. The pre-test results showed that neither the control nor the experimental group met expectations. However, the post-test results showed a significant difference in student achievement between the traditional and constructivist approaches. The results of this study revealed that using constructivist approaches with manipulatives, peer teaching, and the jigsaw method successfully increased students’ mathematics achievement in selected linear equation topics.
CLASSROOM Management, Efficacy Beliefs and Attitudes towards Inclusive Education among Public Junior High School Science TEACHERS
Teachers' attitudes toward inclusive education are influenced by their instructional competence and confidence in teaching learners with diverse educational needs. This study examined the influence of classroom management and teacher efficacy beliefs on attitudes toward inclusive education among public junior high school science teachers in the Division of Davao City, Philippines. A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was employed involving 121 public junior high school science teachers selected through proportionate random sampling. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires measuring classroom management, teacher efficacy beliefs, and attitudes toward inclusive education. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. The findings revealed that respondents demonstrated a very high level of classroom management (M = 4.40, SD = 0.48) and teacher efficacy beliefs (M = 4.24, SD = 0.49), while their attitudes toward inclusive education were rated high (M = 4.18, SD = 0.65). Classroom management was significantly and positively associated with teachers' attitudes toward inclusive education (r = .703, p < .001), whereas teacher efficacy beliefs exhibited an even stronger positive relationship (r = .807, p < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis further revealed that classroom management and teacher efficacy beliefs jointly explained 66.2% of the variance in teachers' attitudes toward inclusive education (R² = .662, F = 118.26, p < .001), with teacher efficacy beliefs emerging as the stronger predictor. The findings underscore the importance of strengthening teachers' instructional competence and professional confidence through continuous professional development to promote more positive attitudes toward inclusive education. Enhancing teacher efficacy and classroom management competencies may contribute to more effective implementation of inclusive educational practices in science classrooms.
TEACHERS' Instructional Practices and Multidimensional Attitudes Towards Inclusive Education as Determinants of Teacher EFFICACY
The concept of teacher efficacy emphasizes a teacher's belief in their capability to engage students and implement effective instructional strategies, even in challenging educational environments. The main objective of this study is to explore the teachers' instructional practices and multidimensional attitudes towards inclusive education. This study employs a quantitative method, specifically a descriptive correlational design. Using total population sampling, data were collected from private elementary teachers through validated and reliable survey instruments. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a very high level of instructional practices and a high level of efficacy. In contrast, their multidimensional attitudes toward inclusive education were assessed as high, highlighting an area for more growth. The study found that effective instructional practices and positive multidimensional attitudes toward inclusivity significantly predict teacher efficacy. Statistical analyses showed significant positive correlations between instructional practices and teacher efficacy, and between multidimensional attitudes and teacher efficacy. Moreover, both instructional practices and attitudes were found to significantly predict teachers' efficacy.