The Root Gatherers is the official disciplinary journal of the College of Pharmacy and Chemistry of the University of the Immaculate Conception, published by the Research, Publications, and Innovation Center. The journal serves as a platform for the dissemination of scholarly works that advance pharmacy practice, pharmaceutical sciences and technology, chemistry and chemical sciences, health sciences, and public health at the local, national, and international levels. Rooted in the philosophy of seeking foundational knowledge and transforming it into innovation and solutions for society, The Root Gatherers reflects the collective commitment of pharmacists, chemists, researchers, and educators to scientific inquiry, evidence-based practice, and service. The journal primarily publishes original quantitative and qualitative research articles, as well as scoping and systematic reviews, while also accepting solicited commentaries and letters to the editor from contributors whose works align with the journal’s aims and scope.
A Phenomenological Study on Self-Medication and Medication Practices in an Urban Poor Community: A Basis for Community Development Services
Background: Self-medication has become a growing public health concern due to its widespread practice, often viewed as a cost-saving measure amid high medicine prices. However, medication malpractices have raised important issues that require intervention. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the lived experiences and medication practices of individuals in Zonta Village, Tibungco, to inform governmental bodies, particularly the City Health Office in Davao. To provide data that can guide stakeholders in developing community-based health programs and policies by assessing lived experiences, perceptions, and factors influencing self-medication. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach was used. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) were conducted with purposively and snowball-sampled residents aged 18 and above using a validated semi-structured questionnaire. Transcripts were analyzed thematically. Results: Major themes included: (1) Preference to self-medicate, (2) Preference for herbal medicines, (3) Antibiotic misuse, (4) Perceptions of self-medication, and (5) Factors influencing decisions. Conclusion: Self-medication reflects autonomy and cost-saving but carries risks such as side effects and delayed treatment. The study highlights the importance of education, stricter antibiotic regulation, and culturally sensitive community-based health interventions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Root Gatherers: UIC Research Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating the Anti-Fungal Activity of Green-Stemmed and Red-Stemmed Basella alba Leaf Extract against Candida tropicalis
Background: Candida tropicalis holds clinical significance and is identified as the second or third leading cause of candidemia, particularly prevalent in Latin American nations and Asia. Objectives: The primary goal of this study is to significantly advance the field of antifungal therapies, especially in relation to diseases caused by C. tropicalis. The study aims to investigate novel treatments and develop alternative therapeutic approaches that may open up new avenues for future research. Methods: Green-stemmed and red-stemmed Basella alba leaves were collected, authenticated, and extracted through ethanol maceration. The phytochemical constituents of the extracts were quantified by determining total flavonoid, tannin, and phenolic contents using the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, FeCl₃ colorimetric method, and Folin–Ciocalteu assay, respectively. Antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis was evaluated using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test with 10% phenol and sterile distilled water serving as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results: The phytochemical screening of Green-stemmed and Red-stemmed Basella alba leaf extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids at 25.5 and 28.8 μg/ml, tannins at 32.2 and 32.5 μg/ml, and phenols at 11.8 and 12.6 μg/ml, respectively, indicating potential antifungal properties. However, when assessed against Candida tropicalis using Kirby-Bauer Susceptibility Testing, both extracts showed no antifungal activity, as indicated by the 0 mm zone of inhibition. Conclusion: This ineffectiveness can be attributed to factors including temperature, the decomposition of phenols by Candida tropicalis, the presence of oxygen, acidity, and transport.
Unveiling the Mystery Behind People Living with HIV/AIDS in Davao City
Background: The challenges faced by People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) globally are numerous. This study explored the difficulties and real-life situations of PLWHA in Davao City. Thematic analysis of qualitative data from eight participants provided a comprehensive understanding of their lived experiences, revealing patterns and recurring topics. Objectives: The research aimed to uncover the lived realities of PLWHA in Davao City, highlighting stigma-related obstacles, discriminatory behaviors, and societal biases that hinder timely access to government-provided medication and services. Findings are intended to contribute to improved HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and support programs for this vulnerable population. Methods: A qualitative, phenomenological, descriptive design was employed through in-depth interviews with adults over 18 and above during AY 2023–2024. Open-ended questions were used; interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed inductively and deductively using thematic methods. Results: Three major themes emerged in participants' experiences: (1) Social Support and Understanding, (2) Disclosure and Workplace Challenges, and (3) Access to HIV Care. Coping mechanisms included Addressing Challenges, Support Systems, and Healthcare Services. Insights emphasized Education and Awareness, Empowerment, and challenges with providers and government support. Conclusion: Lived experiences revealed the importance of mental health services, education, and social support in reducing stigma and improving interventions for PLWHA in the Philippines.
Exploring the Quality of Work Life among Public Health Pharmacists in Davao City: An In-depth Qualitative Inquiry
Background: Stress-related work significantly affects the health and job performance of pharmacy professionals, with implications extending to patient care and workplace dynamics. Objective: The study aimed to explore the lived experiences, coping mechanisms, and insights of public health pharmacists in Davao City, Philippines. Methods: A phenomenological qualitative research design was employed, and data were collected through focused group discussions with 10 public health pharmacists selected using snowball sampling. Results: Thematic analysis revealed nine essential themes: five related to lived experiences (job fulfillment and satisfaction, integrity and proactive behavior, interpersonal dynamics, emotional well-being, and work-life quality), two coping mechanisms (interpersonal relationships and work-life balance), and two learning insights (personal well-being and professional growth). Conclusion: Despite the challenges faced, the participants developed strategies to overcome them, as identified under the "coping mechanisms" theme. The findings offer valuable insights into the experiences and well-being of public health pharmacists, which can inform policies and interventions aimed at supporting and enhancing their work-life quality.
Divulging the Lived Experiences of Islamic Students on Non-Halal Pharmaceutical Products
Background: Halal is a fundamental aspect of Islamic practice that influences the consumption of pharmaceutical products among Islamic adherents. Many pharmaceutical products contain haram ingredients, such as alcohol or non-halal animal-derived substances, which narrows down the choices of Islamic consumers and potentially challenges their decisions to balance essential medication needs with religious principles. Objectives: This study explores the experiences of Islam students with non-halal pharmaceutical products, revealing diverse coping mechanisms and significant challenges. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed involving eleven Islam students from the University of the Immaculate Conception who were purposively selected. Data were gathered through focus group discussions using a validated semi-structured interview guide. Audio-recorded responses were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and themes related to participants’ experiences, coping mechanisms, and recommendations regarding non-halal pharmaceutical products. Results: The findings indicate a critical need for improved information availability, enhanced engagement of healthcare providers, and increased community support. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of educational initiatives and policy development in expanding access to Halal alternatives, thereby promoting cultural inclusivity and sensitivity in healthcare. Future research should adopt mixed-method approaches, explore psychological impacts, and include diverse samples to broaden the understanding of this issue across a much broader cultural context.
Access to Pharmaceutical Services in Indigenous People of Paquibato, Davao City: A Qualitative Analysis
Background: Access to pharmaceutical services among indigenous people (IP) remains a challenge, making them susceptible to self-medication, medication errors, and reduced quality of life. Objectives: The study recognized the role of pharmacists in ensuring timely and safe medication use for chronic conditions, as well as access to pharmaceutical services for Indigenous people, to improve disease management, health outcomes, and health equity. Methods: A phenomenological qualitative design was used to investigate pharmaceutical access among IPs. Eight (8) individuals aged 30–50 from Paquibato, Davao City, were interviewed through a focused group discussion (FGD). Five (5) were male and three (3) female. Adapted survey questionnaires guided data collection. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed inductively and deductively using thematic methods to generate major themes. Results: Respondents highlighted their dependence on barangay health centers and the challenges they face in accessing pharmaceutical services, including discrimination, geographical isolation, and financial constraints. Major themes included: 1) Access to patient and medication counseling, 2) Positive and negative experiences with pharmacists, 3) Improved health outcomes, 4) Preference for traditional medicine, and 5) Barriers such as geographical limitations, financial constraints, and cultural awareness. Conclusion: Indigenous reliance on barangay health centers, lack of available pharmacists, financial burden of travel, and preference for traditional remedies limit access to medications. Barriers included geography, cost, cultural awareness, and stigma.
In-Vivo Testing of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Panyawan Topical Spray
Background: Inflammation is a common medical concern, and alternative, cost-effective treatments are being explored. Conventional anti-inflammatory drugs, such as NSAIDs, can be expensive and may cause adverse effects. Panyawan (Tinospora rumphii) is a medicinal plant recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a promising alternative treatment option. Objective: This study evaluates Panyawan topical spray's efficacy in reducing acute inflammation in a rat paw edema model Methods: The study evaluated varying concentrations (10%, 5%, and 1% w/v) of Panyawan topical spray against Diclofenac sodium spray and a placebo. A total of 15 male albino rats were randomly assigned to five groups. Paw edema was induced using carrageenan, and paw size was measured at baseline and intervals up to 12 hours post-treatment. Results: Results indicated that all treatment groups reached baseline paw size, with the 5% Panyawan spray exhibiting the fastest response by the 8th hour, followed by the 1% and 10% Panyawan and Diclofenac sodium sprays at the 10th hour, and the placebo at the 12th hour. Conclusion: The findings suggest that 5% Panyawan spray has the fastest anti-inflammatory response across three concentrations. However, all treatments are comparable to diclofenac at 10 and 12 hours. Further research is recommended to optimize formulation and enhance therapeutic application.
Level of Perceptions, Attitudes, and Acceptance of the Nurses in Iloilo Doctors' Hospital toward Unit Dose Drug Distribution System
Background: Unit-dose drug distribution is widespread in many hospitals across the world. Although it is well established that UDDDS appears to offer better and safer patient care and that they also seem to lessen the inexpert aspects of nurse drug handling, its significance is not entirely understood and acknowledged by other hospital staff. Objectives: Evaluating the level of perceptions, attitudes, and acceptance of the Iloilo Doctors' Hospital nurses towards the recent implementation of Unit-dose Drug Distribution (UDDDS) in Iloilo. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative research design was used to evaluate the level of perceptions, attitudes, and acceptance of nurses towards UDDDS at Iloilo Doctors' Hospital. A validated questionnaire was used to survey 121 nurses at Iloilo Doctors' Hospital. Results: The results indicate that the majority of nurses, whether involved or not in the pilot program, share a similar level of perception towards the UDDDS system, which is described as high. Similarly, both nurses involved and not involved in the pilot program exhibit a strong, positive attitude and acceptance towards the UDDDS, as indicated by high mean scores. Conclusion: Nurses expressed satisfaction with the enhanced efficacy and quality of medication administration and patient care. Responses to several questionnaire items suggested that both pilot and non-pilot nurses accepted the new strategy and strongly supported its continued implementation, even though only one nursing department had recently initiated the practice of UDDDS. These results highlight the importance of addressing nurses' perceptions and attitudes during the implementation of the UDDDS. Strategies should be employed to ensure that nurses have a clear understanding of the system's benefits and advantages.
Copyright (c) 2023 Root Gatherers: UIC Research Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Consumers in Davao City towards Herbal and Dietary Supplements Labeled With "No Approved Therapeutic Claims"
Background: The consumption of herbal and dietary supplements has been increasing all over the world for their various health care needs. Objectives: The study investigated the knowledge, attitude, and practices of consumers in Davao City regarding the consumption of herbal and dietary supplements labeled with "No approved Therapeutic Claims". The research aimed to determine consumers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding herbal supplement consumption and to investigate significant differences across various demographic groups. Methods: The researchers employed a qualitative survey method, surveying 152 respondents, with the majority falling within the 19- to 25-year-old and 35- to 45-year-old age ranges, and being female, college graduates, employed, and having used herbal and dietary supplements for less than a year. Results: Results show that consumers have a high level of knowledge, positive attitudes, and active practices concerning herbal supplement consumption. Significant differences in knowledge, attitude, and practices were observed across various demographics, with age and gender being the most notable factors. The study also revealed significant relationships between knowledge and practices, as well as attitudes and practices of consumers. Higher knowledge levels and positive attitudes contribute to increased consumption practices. Conclusion: The study found that consumers possess a high level of knowledge, hold positive attitudes, and engage in active practices regarding herbal supplement consumption.
Clinical Outcomes of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Elderly Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review
Background: Heart failure is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortality in elderly patients. In 2015, sacubitril/valsartan, an angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), was approved for the treatment of heart failure. Objectives: Describing the clinical outcomes of sacubitril/valsartan in elderly patients with heart failure. Methods: The study employed a systematic review design, presented in the participant-intervention-comparison-outcome (PICO) framework. This method was used to have a thorough summary of all research evidence relevant to the clinical outcomes of sacubitril/valsartan in elderly patients with heart failure. Results: A total of 210 studies were screened from three scientific databases: PubMed (n=44), ScienceDirect (n=113), and Google Scholar (n=53). After the screening, a total of 32 studies were included for the clinical outcomes of sacubitril/valsartan in elderly patients with heart failure, and a total of 7 studies were included for the assessment of the efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of heart failure in elderly patients. Clinical outcomes categorized the results of sacubitril/valsartan. These categories include reduced rehospitalization and mortality, reversal of cardiac remodeling, improvement in biomarkers and cardiac parameters, enhanced NYHA classification and quality of life, improved heart function, and others. Furthermore, the efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan were also assessed and described in this review. Conclusion: This systematic review indicates that sacubitril/valsartan reduces rehospitalization and mortality, reverses cardiac remodeling, improves biomarkers and cardiac parameters, enhances NYHA classification and quality of life, enhances heart function, and yields other miscellaneous clinical benefits. Moreover, sacubitril/valsartan is effective in reducing blood pressure in elderly patients with systolic hypertension, mortality, rehospitalization, and reducing the NYHA classification of patients. Therefore, sacubitril/valsartan was found to be well tolerated in elderly patients with heart failure. In patients with HFrEF, treatment with sacubitril/valsartan has been demonstrated to significantly reduce mortality and the rates of hospitalization and rehospitalization for HF when compared to enalapril.
Storage and Disposal of Unused and Expired Drugs in a Household Setting: Narrative Review
Background: Pharmaceutical drug waste is a global problem. Further improper disposal of expired or unused medicines is associated with environmental pollution, health hazards, and damage to the ecosystem. Ecopharmacovigilance is an important area in this context. Objectives: Evaluating the storage and disposal of unused and expired drugs, specifically household drug disposal, expired medicine disposal, and unused drug storage in households. Methods: This study is a narrative review aimed at evaluating the knowledge and practices regarding the storage and disposal of unused and expired drugs in a household setting. The included studies or articles were conducted between January 2012 and December 2022 in Asia, Africa, Europe, and South America. Results: From 1455 identified studies, 21 studies met the prescribed inclusion criteria. The primary reasons people keep a stock of medicines at home are to complete an unfinished treatment or noncompliance with the regimen, ongoing treatment, giving to relatives or friends, donating, or being unaware that they have stored medicine at home. Inappropriate disposal methods, such as throwing medication in the trash or flushing it down the toilet, are standard. Some countries have implemented programs to educate people about the proper storage and disposal of medicine. Evidence suggests that public policies guiding the appropriate storage and disposal of drugs at home are needed. Conclusion: Based on the narrative review, some countries have implemented programs to educate people about proper medicine storage and disposal. Evidence suggests that public policies guiding the appropriate storage and disposal of medicines at home are needed. The government and healthcare professionals should be more proactive in educating the public about the proper use, storage, and disposal of pharmaceutical products. The findings of this study can be used by competent authorities to implement a system and policy that encourages the public to dispose of unwanted medicines safely.
Barriers Hindering Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Private and Public Hospitals in Region 12, Philippines
Background: The incorporation of clinical pharmaceutical services was increasingly widespread in the Philippines; however, some regions remained resistant to the concept, creating numerous barriers to its implementation. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the barriers hindering clinical pharmacy practice in private and public hospitals in a provincial region in Mindanao, Philippines. Methods: A correlational, quantitative, descriptive research study was conducted in various private and public hospitals in Region 12, utilizing descriptive statistics and inferential analysis to identify the barriers hindering clinical pharmacy practice. A questionnaire by Eldin et al was used. Results: A total of 108 respondents from private (70.3%) and Public (29.6%) hospital pharmacists participated in the study. The primary cause of the barrier was attributed to the organizational domain (mean = 3.577, SD = 0.394). Conclusion: The differences in the barriers between private and public hospital pharmacists' responses were significant only in infrastructure (t = -2.401; p = 0.018), specifically regarding the "Lack of counseling area" in public hospitals.
Physicochemical and Pharmaceutical Equivalence of Different Metformin Brands Marketed in Davao City, Philippines
Background: In recent years, the perception of generic medicines as inferior to branded counterparts has generated significant concern among healthcare providers and consumers alike. Objectives: This experiment was conducted in Davao City, Philippines, to determine whether there were any differences in terms of physicochemical and pharmaceutical equivalence among different brands of Metformin Hydrochloride tablets marketed in the region. Methods: These brands were named using letters A through J. The test involved assessing weight uniformity, hardness, friability, disintegration, assay, and dissolution according to both official and non-official pharmacopeial standards for metformin tablets. Results: It has been determined that all ten different metformin brands conformed to the official requirements concerning weight variation, friability, disintegration time, as well as assay and dissolution. The hardness test complied with the unofficial USP limit. Conclusion: This research work emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of generic drugs for their equivalence profile, as well as adherence to the principles prescribed in pharmacopeias, especially when prescribing decisions or generic dispensing guidelines are involved.
Willingness, Preparedness, and Perceived Contributions of Hospital Pharmacists in the Conduct of Mental Healthcare Service in Luzon
Background: Globally, mental health has become a development priority. While in the Philippines, based on the mental health strategic plan for 2019-2023, almost 3,298,652 Filipinos suffer from mental health disorders, which can be associated with many factors. Objectives: This study focused on filling specific gaps, particularly in relation to the shortages of mental healthcare providers. Methods: A validated semi-structured questionnaire based on a Likert scale was designed to assess the hospital pharmacists' level of willingness, preparedness, and their perceived contributions in the conduct of mental healthcare services. The researchers conducted this study by distributing validated questionnaires through Google Forms, and 80 hospital pharmacists responded. Results: The researchers later found that, in general, Hospital Pharmacists in Luzon are willing and moderately prepared, and can also recognize their roles in providing mental healthcare services. Conclusion: It is established that the respondents' willingness, preparedness, and perceived contributions have no significant relationship with their age, length of service, and area of specialization.
A Study on the Level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Pharmacists on Medication Therapy Management in a Tertiary Hospital in Cebu, Philippines
Background: Background: Understanding the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of pharmacists regarding medication therapy management (MTM) is essential for effective service delivery. Objectives: A survey-based research approach was employed, and data were collected from 84 registered pharmacists working in a tertiary hospital in Cebu. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative research design. It used a questionnaire designed to establish the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of registered pharmacists assigned to inpatient and other departments regarding medication therapy management. Results: The pharmacists demonstrated a high level of knowledge regarding MTM and exhibited positive attitudes towards it. They also actively engaged in MTM practices. Factors such as educational background, years of experience, and the healthcare setting influenced the KAP of pharmacists in relation to MTM. Conclusion: Understanding the KAP of pharmacists on MTM in a tertiary hospital setting is crucial for optimizing medication management. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in the field. It offers valuable insights for healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and researchers seeking to enhance the delivery of MTM services in the Philippines and beyond.
Lived Experiences of Community Pharmacists in Their Participation in Vaccination Rollouts
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant threats to almost all sectors in countries, prompting governments worldwide to implement measures aimed at addressing the increasing number of COVID-19 cases. These measures include the inclusion of community pharmacists as vaccinators in vaccination rollouts facilitated by health institutions and agencies. Objectives: Exploring the lived experiences of community pharmacists in their participation in vaccination rollouts in San Fernando City, Pampanga. Methods: The research method employed in this study is a qualitative design, specifically phenomenological inquiry. It was used to gather data on the personal perspectives and lived experiences of community pharmacists in participating in the vaccination rollouts. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data, and thematic analysis was employed to interpret the results. Results: The study participants are a balance of males and females with an age range of 28-55 years old. It was found that the majority of the participants perceived vaccination rollouts as an opportunity to experience fulfilling roles of vaccinators. However, hesitancy and fear of exposure to the COVID-19 virus were the struggles they encountered. Conclusion: This study highlighted the role of community pharmacists during the COVID-19 vaccination rollouts. Results serve as the basis for the Community-based Pharmacy "One-Stop Vaccine" proposal framework for pharmacies to adopt in providing services, specifically vaccination services among their patients in the community.
Copyright (c) 2022 The Root Gatherers: UIC Research Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Diabetic Patients towards Medication Adherence in Selected Barangays of Caloocan City, Philippines
Background: Non-adherence to medication is highly prevalent among patients with chronic conditions. An estimation of 40% to 50% of patients who have been prescribed medications to control chronic diseases are affected by non-adherence. Objectives: Investigating the impact of knowledge, attitude, and practices of diabetic patients towards medication adherence in selected barangays of Caloocan City, Philippines. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative research design. It utilized a questionnaire designed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of diabetic respondents regarding medication adherence. Results: Among the 70 respondents, 60% belonged to the 45-64 year age group. The proportion of women was 61.43% (twice that of men). The knowledge score of the participants about diabetes and medication (10.0 and 6.0, respectively) was moderate, while the attitude (mean: 3.68) and practice (mean: 3.69) towards medication adherence were very good. Adherence to diabetic medications had a significant correlation with household income (patients who had higher income had higher attitude and practice scores). No significant correlation was found between age, gender, marital status, level of education, employment status, and attitude/practice. Conclusion: Results showed that the diabetic patients of the selected barangays of Caloocan City, Philippines, have high adherence to their medication. The findings in this study can serve as a reference for diabetes programs conducted by the Caloocan Health Department to raise awareness about medication adherence among patients with diabetes.
Discovering the Lived Experiences of Filipino Immunizing Pharmacists in the Philippines during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study
Background: Immunization is a cornerstone of public health, preventing infectious diseases and their complications. As pharmacists, we play a crucial role in disease prevention by advocating for the importance of immunizations and administering them. Such activities rely on the preventive aspects of pharmaceutical care. Objectives: Evaluating the lived experience, challenges, issues, coping mechanisms, and recommendations of certified Filipino Immunizing Pharmacists in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The research method employed in this study is a qualitative design, specifically phenomenological inquiry. It was used to gather data on the personal perspectives and lived experiences of certified Filipino Immunizing Pharmacists in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individual in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data, and thematic analysis was used to interpret results. Results: The demographic data varies from age to years of practice. For the lived experiences, self-fulfillment, building team spirit, personal growth, and professional development were the themes. Regarding challenges and issues, vaccine administrative constraints, vaccine hesitancy, and individual constraints against immunization. Third, coping mechanisms described as vaccination information campaigns, strategic development, and establishing partnerships. Conclusion: The study's results revealed that almost all pharmacists felt satisfied yet challenged in their roles as immunizers. Most participants discussed specific experiences and situations. Nearly all participants stated that it is fulfilling to be a vaccinator, especially during the pandemic. They also noted that this certification contributed to their personal betterment and increased their competence as pharmacists.
Immunizing pharmacist certification program
Impact of Patient Counseling on Medication Adherence of Hypertensive Patients: A Systematic Review
Background: Poor medication adherence is prevalent in hypertensive patients suffering from chronic diseases. Furthermore, hypertensive patients require lifelong treatment with antihypertensive medication to prevent the development of complications such as cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The study aimed to assess the level of compliance with medication, the effectiveness of a technology-based intervention in improving medication adherence, and the understanding of hypertension and medication adherence among the selected patients. Methods: This study conducted a systematic review of the impact of patient counseling and pharmacist intervention on improving medication adherence in patients with hypertension, based on information published from 2000 to 2021, which included 200 research articles. This study reviewed 26 studies that assessed the level of compliance/adherence to medication, the involvement of technology-based interventions to improve medication adherence, and the understanding of hypertension and its relationship to medication adherence, all based on strict inclusion criteria. Results: The findings of the review pointed out that the presence of patient counseling significantly impacts medication adherence. Several factors influence medication adherence. However, it is expected that patients suffering from chronic conditions such as hypertension have a lower level of medication adherence. Conclusion: The importance of finding an intervention to promote good medication adherence practices in patients becomes increasingly essential.
Retrospective Review on Drug–Drug Interactions of Prescription Medicines among Elderly Patients in Luzon
Background: Drug–drug interactions are one of the primary contributors to adverse drug reactions that put elderly patients at risk of complications. Objectives: Evaluating the potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) among the prescriptions of elderly patients in community pharmacies in Luzon, particularly in Makati City, Bulacan, and La Union. Methods: The research method employed in this study is a quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental design with a retrospective, cross-sectional research approach. It used prescriptions recorded from the senior citizen record books of community pharmacies. The prescriptions were screened. Obtaining only the data needed, such as the generic name, brand name, and strength. Lexicomp Interact® was used to identify potential DDIs and was classified based on severity (minor, moderate, and significant). Results: The prevalence of DDIs was found to be 50.81%. A total of 334 DDIs were observed in the study. The five most common interacting pairs were Atorvastatin-Amlodipine 5.41% (n=19), Gliclazide-Metformin 2.56% (n=9), Clopidogrel-Atorvastatin 2.28% (n=8), Aspirin-Clopidogrel, and Clopidogrel-Amlodipine were both 1.17% (n=6). 73.50% of DDIs found were moderate severity (n=258), 17.90% minor (n=63), and 8.50% major (n=30). Amlodipine (14.53%) was the most commonly involved drug in DDIs, followed by Atorvastatin (11.97%), Clopidogrel (11.40%), and Gliclazide (9.97%). This study showed a significant number of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) among the medications purchased by the elderly patients at selected community pharmacies of Luzon. Conclusion: This study revealed a significant number of pDDIs among the medications purchased by elderly patients at selected community pharmacies in Luzon. Moderate interactions were the most prevalent type of drug interactions detected, followed by minor and significant interactions, which occurred less frequently among elderly patients' prescriptions. In the Philippines, community pharmacists' practice is suboptimal, particularly when it comes to monitoring potential DDIs.
Lived Experiences on the Medication Adherence of Patients Living with Tuberculosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic affected everyone, particularly those with underlying medical conditions. Tuberculosis is one of the disease problems; the DOH has a program to help TB patients stay on track with their treatment schedule. Patients' compliance may be affected as a result of some lockdown protocols imposed by the country due to the pandemic. Objectives: Evaluating the lived experiences of patients living with tuberculosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tandag City, Surigao del Sur. Methods: The research method employed in this study is a qualitative design, specifically phenomenological inquiry. It was used to gather data on the personal perspectives and lived experiences of tuberculosis patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. It seeks to provide detailed information on the environmental and/or limitations and enablers affecting tuberculosis (TB) treatment programs. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data, and thematic analysis was employed to interpret the results. Results: The majority of participants were female, ranging in age from 28 to 62 years old. It was found that the participants' fear of discrimination, limited mobilization, higher risk of infection, and lack of access to treatment were the challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that medication adherence to TB is of utmost importance in helping to cure patients, preventing the further spread of the disease, and avoiding the development of drug resistance. The results suggest that TB patients should follow COVID-19 precautions as advised by health authorities and continue their TB treatment as prescribed.
Level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Conventional Medicine and Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Pain Management
Background: Pain management encompasses a range of approaches, including conventional medicine and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Traditional treatments, such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen, are commonly used for acute and chronic pain but are associated with risks like liver damage and gastrointestinal issues. Objectives: The availability of different treatment options has prompted people to adopt various approaches to pain management. The self-medication of OTC pain relievers has raised concerns about their possible side effects. While CAM is prone to malpractice, as it could cause undiagnosed and/or misdiagnosed medical conditions that could be the potential cause of pain. The researchers aim to measure the utilization and acceptance of conventional medicine and CAM for pain management. Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 378 residents of Visayan Village, Tagum City, selected by non-probability convenience sampling with 95% CI, α = 0.05, with E = 5%, based on the inclusion-exclusion criteria. A researcher-created survey questionnaire was distributed online via Google Forms. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The majority of respondents are female (60.32%), young adults (86.24%), and hold education beyond basic and tertiary levels (66.40%). Significant differences are observed in the respondents' educational attainment, as well as in their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding conventional pain medications, with respect to gender and educational attainment. At the same time, only educational attainment, as well as the knowledge, gender, and attitudes and practices of the respondents, show significant differences in CAM. Lastly, the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding both medication modalities have moderately positive relationships, except for the knowledge-attitude relationship and the knowledge-practice relationship on CAM, which have low positive correlations. Conclusion: This study may help local health units promote the appropriate knowledge and use of pain medications and modalities that can improve community health.
Copyright (c) 2021 The Root Gatherers: UIC Research Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Level of Patient Satisfaction towards Community Pharmacy Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Background: Evaluating the extent to which patients are satisfied with community pharmacy services is clinically significant, as satisfied patients are more likely to comply with treatment, continue using healthcare services, value and maintain relationships with healthcare providers, and have better health outcomes. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the level of patient satisfaction with the services provided by community pharmacies and the factors that affect this level of satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study employed a descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional, and correlational research design. The survey questionnaire used in the study was a modified version of the Community Pharmacy Patient Questionnaire (PSNC) from the United Kingdom. Using a convenience sampling technique, the researchers collected quantitative data from two hundred and one (201) respondents from the community pharmacies in Tandag City, Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Results: Among the 201 respondents, 70.6% are under the age range of 29 years old and above. More than half (69.2%) completed tertiary education, 44.3% have an income ranging from 30,000 to 119,000 pesos, and 64.2% have visited the pharmacy seven or more times. The manner in which pharmacists assist the patients is delighted patients (m= 2.83; High), patient education (m= 2.88; High), availability of medications (m= 2.76; High), communication skills (m= 2.82; High), and pharmacy location (m= 2.86; High), indicating satisfaction from patients. Furthermore, considering all the patients' responses, it can be concluded that the patients are delighted with their services (mean = 2.86). Moreover, the socio-demographic profile of the patients, including age (p-value = 0.002), level of income (p-value = 0.020), level of education acquired (p-value = 0.046), and pharmacy consultation (p-value = 0.040), has a significant correlation with their satisfaction with community pharmacy services. Conclusion: Identifying such data will provide evidence of the need to improve services and practices. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of community pharmacies in delivering essential medicines, information, and safety precautions. Community pharmacies strive to provide all the services that the community needs. In future research, research teams may consider a standardized test study that aligns with patients' expectations and pharmacists' understanding of the services that should be provided.
Irrational Use of Antimicrobials in Urban Poor Areas: A Multiple Case Study
Background: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in low-income urban communities is one of the most pressing threats to healthcare, primarily attributed to a lack of access to resources and inadequate enforcement of policies. Related studies show that antimicrobial misuse is evident even in metropolitan areas, such as Manila and Central Visayas. Objectives: This research examines the experiences of Urban Poor communities in Mindanao regarding antimicrobial use to determine the practices and processes conducive to AMR. Methods: In this Multiple Case Study, purposive sampling was used to recruit five (5) volunteers from the Urban Poor community, who participated in a focus group discussion. After transcribing the responses, thematic analysis was used to identify the following themes: Fact-Based Perception and Practical Response to Infectious Disease, Following Methods of Infectious Disease Management as Advised by Parents and Healthcare Professionals, Taking Medication as Advised by Parents and Healthcare Professionals, and asking neighbors and Stocking Medications. Results: This study reveals the diverse lived experiences and coping mechanisms of the urban poor regarding infectious diseases. Conclusion: Based on the study findings, it can be concluded that the urban poor's perception of infectious disease has an inaccurate scientific background. Their coping mechanisms are constrained by sources of information and motivated by current and future interests. Cross-case examination revealed similarities attributed to context. Meanwhile, differences are rooted in their individual experiences, such as the severity and frequency of the infectious disease.
Knowledge and Attitude to Practices and Vaccine Confidence on Covid-19 among Filipino Residents in Cook County, Chicago, Illinois
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global public health emergency, prompting the rapid development and distribution of vaccines to mitigate its devastating impact. Objectives: This quantitative descriptive study aimed at determining the level of knowledge, attitude, practice, and confidence of Filipino residents from Cook County. This study also aimed to determine the factors associated with the level of confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine among Filipino residents in Cook County. Methods: This study used a descriptive quantitative research design. The participants were collected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire through the Google Forms platform of a validated and reliable 5-part questionnaire, which obtained demographic information as well as measured COVID-19 knowledge, attitude, practice, and confidence regarding vaccines. Spearman's Rho and Pearson's R were used to calculate correlations. Results: Based on the Pearson correlation results, all variables were found to be significantly associated with one another. In conclusion, knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine was found to have a significant relationship with the level of attitude, practice, and confidence towards COVID-19 vaccines. The study revealed that an increase in knowledge level is translated into an increase in attitude, practice, and confidence. Attitude is significantly related to practice and confidence, indicating that an increase in attitude is associated with increased practice and confidence. Conclusion: Government bodies, as well as organizations and institutions in the healthcare sector, may consider providing educational programs and interventions aimed at reducing these misconceptions and increasing vaccine awareness and confidence.
Adherence to TB-Dots Program and Quality of Life of People Living With Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review
Background: Tuberculosis adversely affects the self-awareness of active tuberculosis patients from a physical, psychological, and social perspective. Overall, anti-TB treatment has had a positive effect on improving health-related quality of life in patients. Objective: This research conducted a systematic review to determine adherence to the TB directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) program and the quality of life of people living with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: Three scientific databases were screened, generating 61 studies (PubMed = 23, Google Scholar = 32, and ScienceDirect = 6). After careful deliberation of the titles and abstracts, only seven studies met the prescribed inclusion criteria, which were then subjected to a systematic review and presented in the participant-intervention-comparison-outcome (PICO) table. Results: The results emphasized that adherence to the DOTS program improved patient treatment adherence, leading to enhanced mental, physical, and social well-being. On the other hand, non-adherence to the TB-DOTS program leads to poor health-related quality of life despite the new therapeutic strategies and free availability of medicines. Conclusion: The disease had a negative impact on the health-related quality of life of TB patients across all domains. Therefore, strict implementation and follow-ups of the TB-DOTS program must be supervised to improve the quality of life of people living with pulmonary tuberculosis.